For Livebook, this looks really cool. Love that it calls CPython directly via C++ NIFS in Elixir and returns Elixir-native data structures. That's a lot cleaner than interacting with Python in Elixir via Ports, which is essentially executing a `python` command under the hood.
For production servers, Pythonx is a bit more risky (and the developers aren't claiming it's the right tool for this use case). Because it's running on the same OS process as your Elixir app, you bypass the failure recovery that makes an Elixir/BEAM application so powerful.
Normally, an Elixir app has a supervision tree that can gracefully handle failures of its own BEAM processes (an internal concurrency unit -- kind like a synthetic OS process) and keep the rest of the app's processes running. That's one of the big selling points of languages like Elixir, Erlang, and Gleam that build upon the BEAM architecture.
Because it uses NIFs (natively-implemented functions), an unhandled exception in Pythonx would take down your whole OS process along with all other BEAM processes, making your supervision tree a bit worthless in that regard.
There are cases when NIFs are super helpful (for instance, Rustler is a popular NIF wrapper for Rust in Elixir), but you have to architect around the fact that it could take down the whole app. Using Ports (Erlang and Elixir's long-standing external execution handler) to run other native code like Python or Rust is less risky in this respect because the non-Elixir code it's still running in a separate OS process.
One possibility for production use (in case there is a big value) is to split the nodes into one "front" node which requires strong uptime, and a "worker" node which is designed to support rare crashes gracefully, in a way that does not impact the front.
Do any of them communicate with the BEAM? There used to be a Go based implementation of the BEAM that allowed you to drop-in with Go, I have to wonder if this could be done with Python so it doesn't interfere with what the BEAM is good that and lets Python code remain as-is.
> Because it uses NIFs (natively-implemented functions), an unhandled exception in Pythonx would take down your whole OS process along with all other BEAM processes, making your supervision tree a bit worthless in that regard.
What's the Elixir equivalent if "Pythonic"? An architecture that allows a NIF to take down your entire supervision tree is the opposite of that, as it defeats a the stacks' philosophy.
The best practice for integrating Python into Elixir or Erlang would be to have an assigned genserver, or other supervision-tree element - responsible for hosting the Python NIF(s), and the design should allow for each branch or leaf of that tree to be killed/restarted safely, with no loss of state. BEAM message passing is cheap
That's the thing though: a NIF execution isn't confined to the the BEAM process by its nature. From the Erlang docs:
> As a NIF library is dynamically linked into the emulator process, this is the fastest way of calling C-code from Erlang (alongside port drivers). Calling NIFs requires no context switches. But it is also the least safe, because a crash in a NIF brings the emulator down too.
(https://www.erlang.org/doc/system/nif.html)
The emulator in this context is the BEAM VM that is running the whole application (including the supervisors).
Apparently Rustler has a way of running Rust NIFs but capturing Rust panics before they trickle down and crash the whole BEAM VM, but that seems like more of a Rust trick that Pythonx likely doesn't have.
The tl;dr is that NIFs are risky by default, and not really... Elixironic?
I'm more of a Python and C# kind of guy, so Elixir never really hit the itch for me, but Gleam definitely does. One of these days I'll take a crack to see how I can use Gleam with Phoenix.
Great and informative article. Also nice to get an explicit mention that this isn't just a subprocess call, but running in the same process.
The only thing I'd would have like to see in added would be calling a function defined in Python from Elixir, instead of only the `Pythonx.eval` example.
The `%{"binary" => binary}` is very telling, but a couple of more and different examples would have been nice.
Forgive some ignorance on this; why is Elixir a better fit for AI than Python or JavaScript? I'm not disagreeing, I've just never heard that, I didn't think that Elixir had good linear algebra libraries like NumPy.
Sorry, I should have been more explicit: better for on the user facing implementation side (concurrency, streaming data, molding agent state, etc) vs the training side of things. If that makes sense.
Ah, fair enough. I've not done much with Elixir but I have done a fair amount with Erlang and you certainly don't need to sell me on how great it is for concurrency and distributed stuff.
I love the initial decision to grow Elixir's ML foundations from scratch, but I also love that we now have a really ergonomic way to farm out to the fast-moving python libraries
> Also, it conveniently handles conversion between Elixir and Python data structures, bubbles Python exceptions and captures standard output
At first read this seems really promising. Getting into Elixir/Erlang ecosystem from Python has seemed too hard to take the time. And when there I wouldn't be able to leverage all the Python stuff I've learned. With Pythonx gradual learning seems now much more achievable.
It wasn't mentioned in the article, but there's older blog post on fly.io [1] about live book, GPUs, and their FLAME serverless pattern [2]. Since there seems to be some common ground between these companies I'm now hoping Pythonx support is coming to FLAME enabled Erlang VM. I'm just going off from the blog posts, and am probably using wrong terminology here.
For Python's GIL problem mentioned in the article I wonder if they have experimented with free threading [3].
FLAME runs the same code base on another machine. FLAME with Pythonx should just work. FLAME is a set of nice abstractions on top of a completely regular Erlang VM.
Chris Grainger who pushed for the value of Python in Livebook has given at least two talks about the power and value of FLAME.
And of course Chris McCord (creator of Phoenix and FLAME) works at Fly and collaborates closely with Dashbit who do Livebook and all that.
These are some of the benefits of a cohesive ecosystem. Something I enjoy a lot in Elixir. All these efforts are aligned. There is nothing weird going on, no special work you need to do.
I love to see "well-known" people in the Elixir community endorsing and actively developing that kind of approach. Our VM and runtime does so much and is so well suited to orchestrating other languages and tech that it sometimes feels there's a standard track and an off-road track.
The difference between an off-road "sounds dangerous" idea and its safe execution is often only the quantity of work but our runtime encourages that. Here, it's a NIF so there's still a bit of risk, but it's always possible to spawn a separate BEAM instance and distribute yourself with it.
Toy example that illustrates it, first crashing with a NIF that is made to segfault :
As someone very involved in Elixir and who used to do a lot of Python this seems very practical for me. I'm actually even more interested in that Fine library for making C++ NIFs easy. That seems ridiculously valuable for removing hurdles to building library bindings.
- everything (or most things) is a macro, even def, etc.
- pipes |>, and no, I don't want to write a "pipe" class in Python to use it like pipe(foo, bar, ...). 90% of the |> power comes from its 'flow' programming style.
- true immutability
- true parallelism and concurrency thanks to the supervision trees
- hot code reloading (you recompile the app WHILE it's running)
- fault tolerance (again, thanks for supervision trees)
uv for Python is a game changer, better than anything else out there and solves a lot of the core problems with pip/venv/poetry/pyenv (the list goes on).
I feel like you can write some variant of this comment every few years and just add the previous "best" to the front of the stack of things it's better than.
Jupyter might have fixed this now because it’s been a while since I used it, but Mix.install inline in Livebook (or any CLI script) is so much nicer than how installing Python dependencies in notebooks was last time I did that too.
Coming from Erlang, I think macros are one of the things I'm ambivalent about in Elixir. There are a bunch of actual improvements besides just the syntax itself in Elixir, like string handling, but things like macros in Ecto ... not yet a fan of that.
Some interesting insights from the article:
"Elixir itself is heavily powered by macros. Many constructs, such as defmodule, def, if, unless, and even defmacro[1] are actually macros...."
You can abuse the '>>' notation in python for pipes (or you could use |, I suppose), but you'll have to deal with whitespace shenanigans. I'm also not entirely sure about the order of evaluation. And you'll need to do partial function application by hand if you want that (though it is possible to write a meta function for that).
I'm not sure how I feel about it, other than the fact that I'd 100x rather write Beam pipelines in basically any other language. But that's about more than syntax.
Elixir is just Lisp with a facelift[1], and lisps can be built on Python[2]. It stands to reason that an elixir-like can be built on Python too, so you could embed the Python runtime in Elixir but Elixir-likes are used to code for both.
For Livebook, this looks really cool. Love that it calls CPython directly via C++ NIFS in Elixir and returns Elixir-native data structures. That's a lot cleaner than interacting with Python in Elixir via Ports, which is essentially executing a `python` command under the hood.
For production servers, Pythonx is a bit more risky (and the developers aren't claiming it's the right tool for this use case). Because it's running on the same OS process as your Elixir app, you bypass the failure recovery that makes an Elixir/BEAM application so powerful.
Normally, an Elixir app has a supervision tree that can gracefully handle failures of its own BEAM processes (an internal concurrency unit -- kind like a synthetic OS process) and keep the rest of the app's processes running. That's one of the big selling points of languages like Elixir, Erlang, and Gleam that build upon the BEAM architecture.
Because it uses NIFs (natively-implemented functions), an unhandled exception in Pythonx would take down your whole OS process along with all other BEAM processes, making your supervision tree a bit worthless in that regard.
There are cases when NIFs are super helpful (for instance, Rustler is a popular NIF wrapper for Rust in Elixir), but you have to architect around the fact that it could take down the whole app. Using Ports (Erlang and Elixir's long-standing external execution handler) to run other native code like Python or Rust is less risky in this respect because the non-Elixir code it's still running in a separate OS process.
One possibility for production use (in case there is a big value) is to split the nodes into one "front" node which requires strong uptime, and a "worker" node which is designed to support rare crashes gracefully, in a way that does not impact the front.
This is what we use at https://transport.data.gouv.fr/ (the French National Access Point for transportation data - more background at https://elixir-lang.org/blog/2021/11/10/embracing-open-data-...).
Note that we're not using Pythonx, but running some memory hungry processes which can sometime take the worker node down.
Do any of them communicate with the BEAM? There used to be a Go based implementation of the BEAM that allowed you to drop-in with Go, I have to wonder if this could be done with Python so it doesn't interfere with what the BEAM is good that and lets Python code remain as-is.
> Because it uses NIFs (natively-implemented functions), an unhandled exception in Pythonx would take down your whole OS process along with all other BEAM processes, making your supervision tree a bit worthless in that regard.
What's the Elixir equivalent if "Pythonic"? An architecture that allows a NIF to take down your entire supervision tree is the opposite of that, as it defeats a the stacks' philosophy.
The best practice for integrating Python into Elixir or Erlang would be to have an assigned genserver, or other supervision-tree element - responsible for hosting the Python NIF(s), and the design should allow for each branch or leaf of that tree to be killed/restarted safely, with no loss of state. BEAM message passing is cheap
That's the thing though: a NIF execution isn't confined to the the BEAM process by its nature. From the Erlang docs:
> As a NIF library is dynamically linked into the emulator process, this is the fastest way of calling C-code from Erlang (alongside port drivers). Calling NIFs requires no context switches. But it is also the least safe, because a crash in a NIF brings the emulator down too. (https://www.erlang.org/doc/system/nif.html)
The emulator in this context is the BEAM VM that is running the whole application (including the supervisors).
Apparently Rustler has a way of running Rust NIFs but capturing Rust panics before they trickle down and crash the whole BEAM VM, but that seems like more of a Rust trick that Pythonx likely doesn't have.
The tl;dr is that NIFs are risky by default, and not really... Elixironic?
I hadn’t heard of gleam. Looks cool! I like working with elixir in a lot of ways but never was a Ruby guy, and I think I’d prefer the C-style syntax.
I'm more of a Python and C# kind of guy, so Elixir never really hit the itch for me, but Gleam definitely does. One of these days I'll take a crack to see how I can use Gleam with Phoenix.
Great and informative article. Also nice to get an explicit mention that this isn't just a subprocess call, but running in the same process.
The only thing I'd would have like to see in added would be calling a function defined in Python from Elixir, instead of only the `Pythonx.eval` example.
The `%{"binary" => binary}` is very telling, but a couple of more and different examples would have been nice.
Really glad to see this, Elixir has languished in the AI wars despite being a better fit than JavaScript and Python.
Forgive some ignorance on this; why is Elixir a better fit for AI than Python or JavaScript? I'm not disagreeing, I've just never heard that, I didn't think that Elixir had good linear algebra libraries like NumPy.
Sorry, I should have been more explicit: better for on the user facing implementation side (concurrency, streaming data, molding agent state, etc) vs the training side of things. If that makes sense.
Ah, fair enough. I've not done much with Elixir but I have done a fair amount with Erlang and you certainly don't need to sell me on how great it is for concurrency and distributed stuff.
It does now with Nx
I love the initial decision to grow Elixir's ML foundations from scratch, but I also love that we now have a really ergonomic way to farm out to the fast-moving python libraries
> Also, it conveniently handles conversion between Elixir and Python data structures, bubbles Python exceptions and captures standard output
Sooo nice
At first read this seems really promising. Getting into Elixir/Erlang ecosystem from Python has seemed too hard to take the time. And when there I wouldn't be able to leverage all the Python stuff I've learned. With Pythonx gradual learning seems now much more achievable.
It wasn't mentioned in the article, but there's older blog post on fly.io [1] about live book, GPUs, and their FLAME serverless pattern [2]. Since there seems to be some common ground between these companies I'm now hoping Pythonx support is coming to FLAME enabled Erlang VM. I'm just going off from the blog posts, and am probably using wrong terminology here.
For Python's GIL problem mentioned in the article I wonder if they have experimented with free threading [3].
[1] https://fly.io/blog/ai-gpu-clusters-from-your-laptop-liveboo...
[2] https://fly.io/blog/rethinking-serverless-with-flame/
[3] https://docs.python.org/3/howto/free-threading-python.html
FLAME runs the same code base on another machine. FLAME with Pythonx should just work. FLAME is a set of nice abstractions on top of a completely regular Erlang VM.
Chris Grainger who pushed for the value of Python in Livebook has given at least two talks about the power and value of FLAME.
And of course Chris McCord (creator of Phoenix and FLAME) works at Fly and collaborates closely with Dashbit who do Livebook and all that.
These are some of the benefits of a cohesive ecosystem. Something I enjoy a lot in Elixir. All these efforts are aligned. There is nothing weird going on, no special work you need to do.
I love to see "well-known" people in the Elixir community endorsing and actively developing that kind of approach. Our VM and runtime does so much and is so well suited to orchestrating other languages and tech that it sometimes feels there's a standard track and an off-road track.
The difference between an off-road "sounds dangerous" idea and its safe execution is often only the quantity of work but our runtime encourages that. Here, it's a NIF so there's still a bit of risk, but it's always possible to spawn a separate BEAM instance and distribute yourself with it.
Toy example that illustrates it, first crashing with a NIF that is made to segfault :
In the second example, we have a "SafeNif" module that spawns another elixir node, connects to it, and runs the unsafe operation on it. Thankfully Python, Zig and Rust should be good to go without that kind of dance :) .As someone very involved in Elixir and who used to do a lot of Python this seems very practical for me. I'm actually even more interested in that Fine library for making C++ NIFs easy. That seems ridiculously valuable for removing hurdles to building library bindings.
I feel like this project and blog post was made specifically for me. Can't wait to use this, thanks!
I love this, I've primarily been working in Elixir for a few years now and this is neat to see!
Looks like a very cool way to interop with Python from Elixir without maintaining a separate Python stack (which is a PITA)!
Elixir has some features I wish Python had:
- atoms
- everything (or most things) is a macro, even def, etc.
- pipes |>, and no, I don't want to write a "pipe" class in Python to use it like pipe(foo, bar, ...). 90% of the |> power comes from its 'flow' programming style.
- true immutability
- true parallelism and concurrency thanks to the supervision trees
- hot code reloading (you recompile the app WHILE it's running)
- fault tolerance (again, thanks for supervision trees)
Mix is also so much better than anything python has to offer in terms of build/dependency tooling.
uv for Python is a game changer, better than anything else out there and solves a lot of the core problems with pip/venv/poetry/pyenv (the list goes on).
I feel like you can write some variant of this comment every few years and just add the previous "best" to the front of the stack of things it's better than.
It’s true - people were saying that Poetry solves these problems for ages. Maybe uv does? I’ll wait and see.
Jupyter might have fixed this now because it’s been a while since I used it, but Mix.install inline in Livebook (or any CLI script) is so much nicer than how installing Python dependencies in notebooks was last time I did that too.
Coming from Erlang, I think macros are one of the things I'm ambivalent about in Elixir. There are a bunch of actual improvements besides just the syntax itself in Elixir, like string handling, but things like macros in Ecto ... not yet a fan of that.
> ..but things like macros in Ecto....
Well, The whole language itself is built on macros. The following series of articles certainly helped me stop worrying and love the macros..
https://www.theerlangelist.com/article/macros_1
Some interesting insights from the article: "Elixir itself is heavily powered by macros. Many constructs, such as defmodule, def, if, unless, and even defmacro[1] are actually macros...."
[1] https://github.com/elixir-lang/elixir/blob/v1.18.2/lib/elixi...
You can abuse the '>>' notation in python for pipes (or you could use |, I suppose), but you'll have to deal with whitespace shenanigans. I'm also not entirely sure about the order of evaluation. And you'll need to do partial function application by hand if you want that (though it is possible to write a meta function for that).
So one could write
but whether that is a good idea is a whole different matter.Apache Beam in Python does this, with code like
I'm not sure how I feel about it, other than the fact that I'd 100x rather write Beam pipelines in basically any other language. But that's about more than syntax.“Your scientists were so preoccupied with whether or not they could, they didn't stop to think if they should”
just kidding, this is pretty cool.
yes
Elixir is just Lisp with a facelift[1], and lisps can be built on Python[2]. It stands to reason that an elixir-like can be built on Python too, so you could embed the Python runtime in Elixir but Elixir-likes are used to code for both.
1: https://wiki.alopex.li/ElixirForCynicalCurmudgeons
2: https://hylang.org/
The operating environment of the BEAM is what's great about elixir. Hy still has the GIL.
In a way Python is a bad Lisp, still looking forward that catches up in native code compilation and multiline lambdas.
Could be better, but that is what mainstream gets.